Curriculum Vitae
ANNIE SELDEN
Ph.D. Clarkson University 1974
M.A. Yale University 1962
B.A. Oberlin College 1959
Research interests within mathematics education: mathematical
reasoning and problem solving, logic, definition, proof,
validation, teachers' knowledge and beliefs.
home page,
personal page,
Mathematics Department,
Tenn.
Tech. U.,
MAA Online.
1995- | | Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville,
Tennessee | | Prof. |
1990-95 | | Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville,
Tennessee | | Assoc. Prof. |
1985-90 | | Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville,
Tennessee | | Asst. Prof. |
1978-85 | | Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | Sr. Lecturer |
1974-78 | | Bosphorus University (formerly Robert College of
Istanbul) | | Asst. Prof. |
1973-74 | | Hampden Sydney College, Hampden Sydney, Virginia
| | Asst. Prof. |
1969-71 | | S.U.N.Y. College at Potsdam, New York | |
Instructor |
Other jobs in programming, statistical research,
actuarial work.
In Progress:
- A paper (with J. Selden), "Where's the Theorem?
Where's the Proof? An Analysis of Why Math Ed Research Papers
Get Rejected" was presented at the RUMEC Conference
on Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education in
South Bend, September 1998 and is being prepared for
publication.
- A paper, "Do Calculus Students Eventually Learn to
Solve Non-routine Problems?" (with J. Selden, S. Hauk, and A. Mason),
on students' ability to solve nonroutine problems
involving differential calculus at the end of the
traditional 2-year calculus-differential equations
sequence for engineering/science students. Draft
version available. To be presented at the ARUME Paper
Session, AMS/MAA Annual Meeting, San Antonio,
January 1999.
- A study (with J. Selden) of mid-level math majors'
attempts at proof validation. A preliminary report,
"Math majors' attempts at proof validation," was
presented at the AMS/MAA Special Session on Research
in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, AMS/MAA Annual
Meeting in Baltimore, January 1998.
- A study (with J. Selden) of college mathematics
teachers' views of mathematics. A preliminary
report, "Mathematicians' views of mathematics," was
presented at the AMS/MAA Special Session on Research
in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, AMS/MAA Annual
Meeting in San Diego, January 1997.
- A study (with J. Selden) of the structure of
student proofs.
Collegiate Mathematics Education:
- "Questions regarding the teaching and learning of
undergraduate mathematics (and research thereon)" (with
J. Selden). In A. H. Schoenfeld, J. Kaput, and E. Dubinsky
(Eds.), Research in Collegiate Mathematics Education, III,
CBMS Series Issues in Mathematics Eduction Vol. 7, 1998, 308-313.
- "The role of logic in the validation of mathematical
proofs" (with J. Selden), presented at the DIMACS Symposium on Teaching Logic and
Reasoning, Rutgers University, 25--26 July 1996.
- "Unpacking the logic of mathematical statements"
(with J. Selden), Educational Studies in Mathematics
29 (1995), 123-151.
- "What is mathematics education research?" (with J.
Selden). In B.A. Case (ed.), "You're the Professor,
What Next?", MAA Notes No. 35, 1994, 138-141.
- "Even good calculus students can't solve nonroutine
problems" (with J. Selden and A. Mason). In J. Kaput
and E. Dubinsky (Eds.), Research Issues in
Undergraduate Mathematics Learning: Preliminary
Analyses and Results, MAA Notes No. 33, 1994, 19-26.
- "Collegiate mathematics education research: What
would that be like?" (with J. Selden), The College
Mathematics Journal 24 (1993), 431-445.
- "Research perspectives on conceptions of function:
Summary and overview" (with J. Selden). In G. Harel
and E. Dubinsky (Eds.), The Concept of Function:
Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy, MAA Notes
Vol. 25, 1992, 1-16.
- "How undergraduates learn to read, write, and
create proofs" (with J. Selden), discussion paper for
the AMT Working Group, PME-14, Mexico, July 1990.
- "The HP-28S, calculus, and programming"(with J.
Selden, R. Weems, M. Morrison, and S. Yeager),
Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Ohio State University
Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics,
Addison-Wesley (1990), 283-286.
- "Can average calculus students solve nonroutine
problems?" (with J. Selden and A. Mason), The Journal
of Mathematical Behavior, 8(1989), 45-50.
- "Graphing with the HP-28S"(with J. Selden). The
College Mathematics Journal, 20 (1989), 424-433.
- "Using technology to implement a constructivist
approach to calculus and abstract algebra" (with J.
Selden), Proceedings of the 1st Annual Ohio State
University Conference on Technology in Collegiate
Mathematics, Addison-Wesley, (1989), 239-242.
- "Errors and misconceptions in college level theorem
proving" (with J. Selden), Proceedings of the Second
International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational
Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Cornell
University, July 1987, 457-470.
- "Teaching the doing of mathematics," The Journal
of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria,
Extra-ordinary issue, September 1981, 41-53.
- "Errors students make in mathematical reasoning"
(with J. Selden), Bosphorus University Journal,
6(1978), 67-87.
Mathematics:
- "The continuous extended bicyclic semigroup"
(with J. Selden). Report presented at Oberwolfach
Mathematical Research Institute, Conference on the
Analytical and Topological Theory of Semigroups,
January 29 - February 4, 1989.
- "A nonlocally compact nondiscrete topology for
the alpha-bicyclic semigroup," Semigroup Forum,
31(1985), 372-374.
- "The kernel of the determining endomorphism of
a bisimple omega-semigroup," Semigroup Forum,
14(1977), 265-271.
- "On the closure of bisimple omega-semigroups,"
Semigroup Forum, 12(1976), 373-379.
- "Bisimple omega-semigroups in the locally compact
setting," Bosphorus University Journal,
3(1975), 15-77.
Other Professional Publications:
- "Enthusiasm for Research in Collegiate
Mathematics Education Grows" (with J. Selden),
Focus, February 1997, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1&3.
- "Subgroup 3: Calculus for non-specialists"
(with J. Selden). In C. Gaulin, B. R. Hodgson, D. H.
Wheeler, J. C. Egsgard (eds.), Proceedings of
the 7th International Congress on Mathematical
Education, Les Presses de l'Universite Laval,
Sainte-Foy, 1994, 116-117. Also, a report in
Proceedings of Working Group 3 on Students
Difficulties in Calculus, M. Artigue and G.
Ervynck (eds.), pp. 63-65.
- "Is Underrepresentation of Women in the
Mathematical Sciences a Problem?", invited piece
for the Forum Section, Mathematics in College,
1993, 86-87.
- Review of "Advanced Mathematical Thinking" by
Tommy Dreyfus, et al, in Mathematics and Cognition:
A Research Synthesis by the International Working
Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education,
Cambridge University Press, 1990. In The College
Mathematics Journal, 22 (1991), 268.
- NSF Research in Teaching and Learning grant to
study college teacher change of the participants in
the ISETL-based abstract algebra project, co-PI,
1994-96.
- Educational Grant from Wolfram Research toward
the purchase of 32 copies of Mathematica, 1991.
- NSF ILI grant for an electronic classroom,
associate, 1990.
- 8 TTU Faculty Research Grants for released
time, 1985- .
- 2 TTU Instructional Improvement Grants,
1985- .
- Bayero University Study Leave taken at
University of Arkansas, Fall 1984.
- NSF College Teacher Research Grant taken at
SUNY, Binghamton, Summer 1971.
- Visiting Scholar: Center for Research
in Mathematics and Science Education, San
Diego State University, 1995-96.
- Visiting Scholar: Division of Education
in Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Graduate
School of Education, University of California,
Berkeley, Fall Semester 1993.
- Nominated for TTU Outstanding Faculty Award
for Teaching (1989, 1994).
- Tennessee Collaborative Academy Fellow,
1990.
- NSF Graduate Traineeship (Clarkson University,
1972-73.
- Woodrow Wilson Fellow (Yale University,
1960-61).
- Fulbright Scholar (Gottingen, Germany,
1959-60).
- Elected to Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi (Associate
Member), Pi Mu Epsilon, Kappa Mu Epsilon.
- Selected for inclusion in the 22nd and 23rd
Editions of Who's Who in the South and
Southeast and the 17th and 18th Editions of
Who's Who of American Women.
Editorial Work and Refereeing
- Member, Editorial Panel, Journal for Research
In Mathematics Education, 1997- . Entails
reviewing 17-20 manuscripts/yr. and attending two
working weekend meetings/yr.
- Associate Editor of MAA Online's
Teaching and Learning section, 1997- .
- Department Editor (with J. Selden) of the
Research Sampler
column in MAA Online's Teaching and Learning
Section.
- Department Editor: Research Sampler column,
UME Trends: News and Reports on Undergraduate
Mathematics Education, 1989-96 . Also wrote
numerous news and feature articles.
- Associate Editor of Media Highlights, The
College Mathematics Journal, 1994-. Entails
writing 15-20 abstracts/yr., as well as editing
the rest.
- Member, Editorial Board, Journal of
Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching,
1994-96.
- Referee additional papers and proposals for
the CBMS volumes Research in Collegiate
Mathematics Education, The College Mathematics
Journal, Journal of Mathematical Behavior,
Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science
Teaching, Proceedings of PME-NA, AERA's SIG/RME.
Invited Speaker/Organizer/Consultant
- Coordinator, Research Forum: Learning
and Teaching Undergraduate Mathematics,
23rd Annual Conference of PME in Haifa, Israel,
July 25-30, 1999.
- Co-Organizer, ARUME paper session, AMS/MAA
Annual Meeting in San Antonio, January 1999.
- Working Group Co-Chair: The Future of
Research in Tertiary Mathematics Education,
ICMI Study Conference on the Teaching
and Learning of Mathematics at University Level,
Singapore, December 8-12, 1998. Discussion document
available.
- Organizer and Speaker, Mathematics Education Seminar,
Tennessee Tech. Math. Dept., 1998-99.
- Invited speaker, MAA/SIAM Regional Meeting,
"What's Really Going on in Students' Heads? How
We Got into Math Ed Research," San Diego, March
1996.
- CRUME Panelist, "Implications of Research in
Mathematics Education for Two-Year Colleges,"
AMATYC Annual Conference, Indianapolis, November
1992.
- Invited speaker, "Overview of preservice
teachers' knowledge and beliefs about
mathematics," NCTM Eastern Regional Conference,
Columbus, Ohio, September 1992.
- ICME-7 Subgroup Coordinator: Calculus for
Nonspecialists, Working Group on Students'
Difficulties with Calculus at Seventh
International Congress on Mathematical
Education, August 1992.
- Organizer: AMS/MAA Special Sessions on
Research in Undergraduate Mathematics
Education, AMS/MAA Annual Meeting, Orlando,
January 1996.
- Organizer: MAA CRUME Panel on Research
Methods in Mathematics Education, AMS/MAA
Annual Meeting, Orlando, January 1996.
- Reader: AP Calculus Exams, 1990-92.
- Organizer: 5th Annual Nigerian Math.
Society Conference, April 1984.
- External Examiner for the mathematics
departments of Federal Advanced Teachers
College, Katsina and Advanced Teachers
College, Gumel in Nigeria.
- Acting Head, Department of Mathematics,
Bayero University, Spring Term 1983, and
substantive head, 1983-1985.
Professional Memberships
- AERA, PME and PME-NA (International Group
for the Psychology of Mathematics Education and
its North American Chapter), NCTM, RCDPM, IHPST
(International History, Philosophy and Science
Teaching Group), AMS, MAA, AWM, NAM, AAAS, ASSC
(Association for the Scientific Study of
Consciousness), Tennessee Academy of Science,
Benjamin Banneker Association.
- AAUP (local President, 1994-95, Vice President,
1992-93, and Secretary, 1991-92).
- Women in Higher Education in Tennessee (State
President in 1992-93, produced first membership
directory and articles for newsletter; local
President, 1990-92).
- Tennessee ACE/NIP Conference Planning
Committee, 1992-93.
- WOW (Women Organizing Women)
Treasurer, 1992-93.
- MAA Departmental representative, 1986-.
National Committee Memberships
- Program Committee for the 1999 RUMEC
Conference on Research in Undergraduate
Mathematics Education.
- MAA Search Committee for FOCUS
editor, 1997.
- MAA Task Force on Graduate Education,
reporting to Professional Development
Committee, 1996- .
- AMS/MAA CRUME Subcommittee for the Special
Session on Research in Math Ed., January 1993
Annual Meeting.
- Program Committee for the 1997, 1996, and
1994 Annual Meetings of PME-NA.
University Committee Memberships
- TTU Faculty Senate 1990-93.
- TTU Administrative Council 1990-93.
- TTU Honors and Awards, 1988-89.
- Math Dept. committees: Academic, graduate
program planning, undergraduate, undergraduate
program review, college self-study, chairman
selection, faculty search, curriculum, tenure,
promotion (chairperson, 1996), textbook selection,
public relations, level one review, complex variables,
linear algebra, calculus (chairperson,
1997-), college algebra, SACS goals and assessment,
schedule, maintenance, new faculty orientation.
Professional Development Workshops Attended
- Served as mentor at the Exxon-sponsored
workshops for the RUMEC+ Group, Chicago,
May 1997 & 1998
- NSF-sponsored workshop, "New Directions in the
Mathematical Preparation of Preservice Elementary
/Middle School Teachers," Western Kentucky University,
Summer 1992 & 1993 and Fall and Spring Follow-ups
through 1996.
- College Board and NSF-sponsored workshop,
"Technology Intensive Calculus with Advanced
Placement," at Clemson University, 1992.
- NSF-sponsored workshop on Computer Algebra
Systems, St. Olaf College, 1989.
- Varied teaching methods for a broad spectrum of
students from disadvantaged to gifted, from nonmajors
to graduate students, as well as students whose
native language is not English.
- Courses Taught:
Math for elementary education majors, inservice math
for teachers, math for B.Ed. students, math for
liberal arts students, trigonometry, college algebra,
finite mathematics, precalculus, calculus for business
students, calculus for engineers, honors calculus,
matrix algebra, linear algebra, transition to abstract
mathematics, abstract algebra, history of mathematics,
advanced calculus, real variables, complex variables,
topology, applied mathematics, group theory, applied
algebra, semigroups, topological algebra, graduate
seminar on mathematics education research at the
University of Kentucky.
- Curriculum Development Project: Enhanced
calculus, a two-semester sequence taught using
notes and available technology (originally HP-28S,
then HP-48SX calculators) and containing only
nonroutine problems, requiring justification for
solution methods. Described in Formula for Reform:
The Role of the Comprehensive University in
Undergraduate Science and Engineering Education,
AASCU, 1989 and Priming the Calculus Pump:
Innovations and Resources, MAA Notes No. 17, 1990.
The calculators were replaced with Mathematica
on MAC IIs using funds obtained through grants (NSF
ILI and Wolfram).
- Ph.D. Students (dissertations co-directed)
:
Kadir Ahre, 1979. Kadir is Professor of
Mathematics at Istanbul Technical University in
Turkey.
Semih Koray, 1981. Semih teaches mathematics
at Middle East Technical University in Ankara,
Turkey.
ADDRESS:
home page,
personal page,
Mathematics Department,
Tenn. Tech. U.,
MAA Online.
Return to Other Professional Publications
Research Sampler columns and news/feature articles
These columns and articles appear in the Teaching and Learning
section of MAA Online (1996 - ) and in UME Trends
(1989 - 96).
Research Sampler columns
- "The Role of Examples in Learning Mathematics,
" MAA Online, February 1998.
-
"What Does it take to be an Expert Problem Solver?",
MAA Online, September 1997.
-
"Preservice Teachers' Conceptions of Mathematics and How
to Teach it," MAA Online, June 1997.
-
"Should Mathematicians and Mathematics Educators be
Listening to Cognitive Psychologists?", MAA Online
, February 1997.
-
"Of What Does Mathematical Knowledge Consist?", MAA
Online, November 1996.
- "A Look Back," "Undergraduate Solving Nonroutine Calculus
Problems," and "Connecting a Theorem's Statement to its Proof,"
UME Trends, Vol. 6, No. 6, January 1996, 13-14.
- "A Covariation Approach to Function -- The Exponential" and
"Irrelevant Illustrations in U.S. Math Texts," UME Trends,
Vol. 6, No. 4, September 1995, 7&9.
- "Research on Learning Styles is Equivocal," "Students' Beliefs
about Mathematics and Its teaching," "Learning Group Theory
Concepts," and "The Transition to Formal Proof," UME Trends,
Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1995, 6-7.
- "CRUME's First Volume--What Will Mathematicians Think?",
UME Trends, Vol. 6, No. 6, January 1995, 22-23.
- "When is Small Group Learning Effective?", UME Trends,
Vol. 6, No. 4, September 1994, 14-15.
- "Vygotskian Perspectives," UME Trends,
Vol. 5, No. 6, January 1994, 6-7.
- "Nonverbal Learning Disability or Misconceptions?" and
"Dealing with Change from an Early Age," UME Trends,
Vol. 5, No. 4, September
1993, 12-13.
- " Probability Redux," UME Trends, Vol. 5, No. 2,
May 1993, 14-15.
- "Update on the Students-and-Professors Problem," "Actually,
There Are More Rectangles Than Squares," and "Finding Inverses
of Products," UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 6, January 1993, 6.
- "The Diversity of Knowing" and "Personal Teaching Styles
Resist Change," UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 4, October
1992, 6.
- "Now it's Reading to Learn Mathematics," "What's the
Effect of Taking High School Calculus?", and "What Does it
Mean to be Random?", UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 2, May
1992, 6.
- "Are We in the Business of Changing Students' Beliefs About
Mathematics?" and "What Kind of Talk is Effective for Learning
Mathematics in Small Groups?", UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 6,
January 1992, 6.
- "What's a Microworld?" and "Diagram Drawing Competencies,"
UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1991, 6.
- "Metacognition and Problem Solving" and "Concepts Maps
on the Computer," UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 1991, 6.
- "Do Students Have a Sense of Function?", UME Trends,
Vol. 2, No. 6, January 1991, 6.
- "How Should Proof Be Taught?" and "Incorporating Learning
Research into the Classroom," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 4,
October 1990, 6.
- "The Derivative as the Slope of the Graph Itself?", "Gem on
Teaching Probability Goes Unnoticed," and "Undergraduates Cannot
Solve Algebra Word Problems," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 2,
May 1990, 6.
- "Can We Improve People's Judgments Under Uncertainty?",
"When Experts Solve Problems, What Do They Do That Novices
Don't?", and "Teaching Away Misconceptions is Hard, but Not
Impossible," UME Trends, Vol. 1, No. 6, January 1990, 6.
- "The Pedagogy of Educational Software: Good News, Bad
News," "Calculus Reform at a French University," "Compare and
Contrast: Euclid, Bourbaki, Lakatos, et al," and "What are
Prospective Math Teachers Learning from Us?", UME Trends,
Vol. 1, No. 4, October 1989, 6.
- "Do You Know the Students-and-Professors Problem?",
"Metamorphosis: From Mathematician to Mathematics Education
Researcher," "Do End-of-Sections Exercises Prevent Learning?",
and "Critical Thinking about Modeling," UME Trends, Vol. 1,
No. 2, May 1989, 6.
News/feature articles
- "PME in Brazil," UME Trends, Vol. 7, No. 5, November
1995, 11-12.
- "ICTCM -- Teaching with Technology," UME Trends,
Vol. 7., No. 1, March 1995, 1&4.
- "Mathematics Education in San Francisco," UME Trends,
Vol. 7., No. 1, March 1995, 1&3
- "Current Reform -- A Lovely Variation," UME Trends,
Vol. 6, No. 5, November 1994, 7.
- "The Legacy of Hans Freudenthal," UME Trends, Vol. 6,
No. 2, May 1994, 1-3.
- "PME Meets in Portugal," UME Trends, Vol. 6, No. 5,
November 1994, 13-15.
- "Mathematics Education Displays its Breadth in Cincinnati,"
UME Trends, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1994, 4-5.
- "Let's Focus on How Technology Can Help Us Demonstrate the
Power of Mathematics," UME Trends, Vol. 6, No. 1, March
1994, 10-11 & 15. Reprinted in Proceedings of the Sixth
International Conference on Technology in Collegiate
Mathematics.
- "Equity, Diversity, Teacher Education, Technology," UME
Trends, Vol. 5, No. 6, January 1994, 8-9.
- "A Math Ed Miscellany from Vancouver," UME Trends,
Vol. 5, No. 5, November 1993, 1, 5 & 8.
- "Cornell Misconceptions Conference," UME Trends,
Vol. 5, No. 5, November 1993, 11 & 15.
- "New Directions in the Mathematical Preparation of
Elementary Teachers," UME Trends, Vol. 5, No. 4,
September 1993, 5 & 7.
- "Interventions to Assure Success," UME Trends, Vol.
5, No. 3, July 1993, 15.
- "Mathematics Education--A Leitmotif in San Antonio,"
UME Trends, Vol. 5, No. 1, May 1993, 12-13.
- "AMATYC Aims to Set Standards for the First Two Years,"
UME Trends, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1993, 14.
- "Technology for Today's and Tomorrow's Mathematics
Classrooms," UME Trends, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1993,
12-13. Reprinted in Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics.
- "PME in New Hampshire," UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 5,
December 1992, 1-2.
- "Here They Come! Graphing Calculators on the AP?",
UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1992, 3 & 7.
- "Mathematics Education Research--A Pastiche from
Baltimore," UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 2, May 1992, 1 & 7.
- "An Idea Whose Time is Coming: A Journal for Research in
Collegiate Math Ed," UME Trends, Vol. 4, No. 1,
March 1992, 1 & 2.
- "The Many Faces of Technology in Portland," UME Trends
, Vol. 4, No. 1, March 1992, 6. Reprinted in Proceedings
of the Fourth International Conference on Technology in
Collegiate Mathematics.
- "Theory of Mathematics Education Conference: Metaphors in
Math," UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1991, 6.
- "PME Meets in Assisi," UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 4,
October 1991, 6.
- "San Francisco--Research in Undergraduate Mathematics
Education," UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 1991, 1 & 6.
- "Are Graphing Calculators the Wave of the (Near) Future?",
UME Trends, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1991, 7-8.
- "A Potpourri of Math Ed at the Columbus Meeting," UME
Trends, Vol. 2, No. 5, December 1990, 1-3.
- "Columbus Panel," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 5,
December 1990, 1,3 & 7.
- "PME Meets in Mexico," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 4,
October 1990, 6-7.
- "Mid-South Mathematics Colloquium Has Calculus Reform
as this Year's Theme," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 3,
August 1990, 6.
- "Math Education in Louisville," UME Trends, Vol.
2, No. 2, May 1990, 1,6 & 8.
- "Constructivism in Mathematics Education: A View of How
People Learn," UME Trends, Vol. 2, No. 2, March
1990, 8.
- "Calculus PI's Meet at Duke," UME Trends, Vol. 1,
No. 6, January 1990, 5.
- "Technology in Collegiate Mathematics: An Idea Whose
Time Has Come?", UME Trends, Vol. 1, No. 6, January
1990, 5.
- "Ithaca College's Calculus Conference," UME
Trends, Vol. 1, No. 4, October 1989, 4.
- "PME in Paris: Mexico Next Year," UME Trends,
Vol. 1, No. 4, October 1989, 6.
- "Did You Miss This Technology Conference? There'll Be
Another Next Year," UME Trends, Vol. 1, No. 1,
March 1989, 8.
Return to Other Professional Publications
home page,
personal page,
Mathematics Department,
Tenn. Tech. U.,
MAA Online.
November 1998