Special Protection in the United States, 1990

Special Protection in the United States, 1990

Product	First relief year	Imports ($ mill)	Import share (percent)	Tariff or equivalent (percent)	Induced import decrease (percent)	Cost of constraints to consumers		Welfare cost ($ mill)
Product	First relief year	Imports ($ mill)	Import share (percent)	Tariff or equivalent (percent)	Induced import decrease (percent)	Total ($ mill)	Per job ($1,000)	Welfare cost ($ mill)

Tariffs
Ball bearings	1930	$ 485	26%	11%	11%	$ 64	$ 438	$ 1
Benzenoid chemicals	1922	2,057	12	9	69	309	1,000+	10
Canned tuna	1951	339	27	12	40	73	187	10
Ceramic articles	1930	819	69	11	29	102	244	2
Ceramic tiles	1930	575	47	19	20	139	401	2
Costume jewelry	1930	621	30	9	55	103	97	5
Frozen conc'd OJ	1930	809	41	30	70	281	461	35
Glassware	1922	949	20	11	62	266	180	9
Luggage	1930	1,202	53	16	76	211	934	26
Polyethylene resins	1930	571	7	12	77	176	591	20
Rubber footwear	1930	843	59	20	54	208	122	12
Softwood lumber	1987	2,916	25	6	78	459	759	12
Women's footwear, excluding athletic	1930	3,245	71	10	68	376	102	11
Women's handbags	1930	1,003	69	14	66	148	191	13

Quotas
Dairy products	1953	520	2	50	81	1,184	498	104
Peanuts	1953	1	<1	50	47	54	136	22
Sugar	1934	992	25	66	85	1,357	600	581
Maritime	1789	1,227	16	85	93	1,832	415	556

Voluntary export restraints
Apparel	1957	21,300	31	48	99	21,158	139	7,712
Textiles	1957	7,079	10	23	94	3,274	202	894
Machine tools	1987	1,006	46	47	60	542	348	385

Total/average:		$54,901	21%	35%	61%	$32,316	$168	$10,422

Other cases
Semiconductors	1989	4,185	55	25	25	1,231	526	974
Carbon steel	1993	2,634	13	14	27	1,035	835	59
Autos	1981	31,723	27	4	6	1,741	1,000+	1,280
Minivans, SUVs		3,577	14	25	25	987	1,000+	110

Source: Hufbauer, G.C., and K.A. Elliott. Measuring the Costs of Trade Protection in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994.