Existential Instantiation

restriction: flag "a"

(x)Fx
Fa

 

  Universal Instantiation

 

(x)Fx
Fa


  Existential Generalization
Fa
(x)Fx

 

 

flag a SP, UG Universal Generalization

restriction: requires flagged subproof

Fa  
(x)Fx  

 

Summary of flagging restrictions:

  1. Flagged constants must be new to the proof.
  2. Flagged constants may not appear in the premises or the conclusion of a proof.
  3. When a constant is flagged in a subproof, it may not appear outside the subproof.

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