Determining Semantic Properties with a Model Universe

Test the following arguments for validity:

1. (∃x)(Sx ⊃ Px), Sa /// (∃x)Px

2. (x)(Lx v Mx), ~(∃x)Lx /// (x)Mx

3. (x)(Fx ⊃ Gx), (∃x)Fx, ///(x)Gx

4. (x)(Ax ⊃ Bx), (x)(Cx ⊃ Ax) /// (x)(Cx ⊃ Bx)

5. (∃x)(Rx & ~Tx), Ta, /// (x)Rx

Additional Exercises: Go back to the excercises 1, 2 and 3 for testing syllogisms for validity and test them using the model universe method, after translating them into QL.