Case | Holding | Rationales |
In re Ah Yup, 1878 | Chinese are not White | Scientific evidence
Common knowledge Congressional intent |
In re Hong Yen Chang, 1890 | Chinese are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Gee Hop, 1895 | Chinese are not White | Legal precedent
Congressional intent |
In re Kanaka Nian, 1889 | Hawaiians are not White | Scientific evidence |
In re Po, 1894 | Burmese are not White | Common knowledge
Legal precedent |
In re Saito, 1894 | Japanese are not White | Congressional intent
Common knowledge Scientific evidence Legal precedent |
In re Yamashita, 1902 | Japanese are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Buntaro Kumagai, 1908 | Japanese are not White | Congressional intent
Legal precedent |
Bessho v. U.S., 1910 | Japanese are not White | Congressional intent |
Ozawa v. U.S., 1922 | Japanese are not White | Legal precedent
Congressional intent Common knowledge Scientific evidence |
Sato v. Hall, 1923 | Japanese are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Rodriguez, 1897 | Mexicans are White | Legal precedent |
In re Burton, 1900 | Native Americans are not White | No explanation |
In re Balsara, 1909 | Asian Indians are probably not White | Congressional intent |
U.S. v. Dolla, 1910 | Asian Indians are White | Ocular inspection of skin |
U.S. v. Balsara 1910 | Asian Indians are White | Scientific evidence
Congressional intent |
In re Akhay Kumar Mozumdar, 1913 | Asian Indians are White | Legal precedent |
In re Sadar Bhagwab Singh, 1917 | Asian Indians are not White | Common knowledge
Congressional intent |
In re Mohan Singh, 1919 | Asian Indians are White | Scientific evidence
Legal precedent |
In re Thind, 1920 | Asian Indians are White | Legal precedent |
U.S. v. Thind, 1923 | Asian Indians are not White | Common knowledge
Congressional intent |
U.S. v. Akhay Kumar Mozumdar, 1923 | Asian Indians are not White | Legal precedent |
U.S. v. Ali, 1925 | Punjabis (whether Hindu or Arabian) are not White | Common knowledge |
U.S. v. Gokhale, 1928 | Asian Indians are not White | Legal precedent |
Wadia v. U.S., 1939 | Asian Indians are not White | Common knowledge |
Kharaiti Ram Samras v. U.S., 1942 | Asian Indians are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Najour, 1909 | Syrians are White | Scientific evidence |
In re Mudarri, 1910 | Syrians are White | Scientific evidence
Legal precedent |
In re Ellis, 1910 | Syrians are White | Common knowledge
Congressional intent |
Ex parte Shahid, 1913 | Syrians are not White | Common knowledge |
Ex parte Dow, 1914 | Syrians are not White | Common knowledge |
In re Dow, 1914 | Syrians are not White | Common knowledge
Congressional intent |
Dow v. U.S., 1915 | Syrians are White | Scientific evidence
Congressional intent Legal precedent |
In re Mallari, 1916 | Filipinos are not White | No explanation |
In re Rallos, 1917 | Filipinos are not White | Legal precedent |
U.S. v. Javier, 1927 | Filipinos are not White | Legal precedent |
De La Ysla v. U.S., 1935 | Filipinos are not White | Legal precedent |
De Cano v. State, 1941 | Filipinos are not White | Legal precedent |
Petition of Easurk Emsen Charr, 1921 | Koreans are not White | Common knowledge
Legal precedent |
In re Halladjian, 1909 | Armenians are White | Scientific evidence
Legal precedent |
U.S. v. Cartozian, 1925 | Armenians are White | Scientific evidence
Common knowledge Legal precedent |
In re Feroz Din, 1928 | Afghanis are not White | Common knowledge |
In re Ahmed Hassan, 1942 | Arabians are not White | Common knowledge
Legal precedent |
Ex parte Mohriez, 1944 | Arabians are not White | Common knowledge
Legal precedent |
In re Camille, 1880 | Persons half White and half Native American are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Knight, 1909 | Persons 1/2 White, 1/4 Japanese, 1/4 Chinese are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Alverto, 1912 | Persons 3/4 Filipino and 1/4 White are not White | Legal precedent
Congressional intent |
In re Young, 1912 | Persons 1/2 German and 1/2 Japanese are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Young, 1912 | Persons 1/2 German and 1/2 Japanese are not White | Common knowledge
Legal precedent |
In re Lampitoe, 1916 | Persons 3/4 Filipino and 1/4 White are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Fisher, 1927 | Persons 3/4 Chinese and 1/4 White are not White | Legal precedent |
In re Cruz, 1938 | Persons 3/4 Native American and 1/4 African are not African | Legal precedent |
Lopez, Ian Haney. White By Law: The Legal Construction
of Race. New York: New York University Press, 1996.